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EK1, targeting the HR1 domain of S protein, showed its protective effect in the HCoV-OC43 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection mouse models 24.Īctually, copious scientists have devoted themselves to the identification and design of AMPs. Among them, 229E-HR2P was reported to effectively prevent HCov-229E infection in the mouse respiratory tract 23. Moreover, a few ACovPs have been tested in vivo and showed delightful results 23, 24. discovered that Mucroporin-M1 has the property of decreasing SARS-CoV infectivity 22. For example, P6, P8, and P10 exhibited anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) activities 21. Massive studies proved that ACovPs have an excellent ability to inhibit coronaviruses 18. These peptides are called anti-coronavirus peptides (ACovPs) 18. Part of peptides in AMPs are able to inhibit coronaviruses. Therefore, new antiviral drugs or treatment solutions are urgently needed to replace or supplement the currently used drugs.Īntimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a family of compounds that have inhibitory effects on various types of microbial pathogens 20.
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However, due to the increasing viral resistance, several existing antiviral drugs and therapeutics have unsatisfactorily inhibitory effects on coronaviruses 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19. And many potential anti-coronavirus agents target three primary domains of S protein: heptad repeat 1 domain (HR1), heptad repeat 2 domain (HR2), and receptor-binding domain (RBD).
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Among them, S protein mediates viral invasion by interacting with human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) 8, which are the key proteins that determine the invasion of the virus 1. The structural proteins of coronavirus contain four genera: spike protein (S protein), membrane protein, envelope protein, and nucleocapsid protein 1. All of these drugs are only approved for emergency use. However, there are only a few specific therapeutic drugs available to against coronavirus: the oral drug “Molnupiravir 4”, neutralizing antibody “Sotrovimab 5” that was recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), antibody cocktail Casirivimab/Imdevimab (Ronapreve TM REGEN-COV TM) 6 which has no inhibitory effect on the variant “Omicron”, and BRII-196/BRII-198 combination therapy which was urgently approved by the National Medical Products Administration of China (NMPA) 7. Several approaches for fighting against coronaviruses, such as potential anti-coronavirus infection drugs and vaccines, have been reported 2, 3. COVID-19 has become a global public health major event 1, causing an indelible impact on the global economy and human lives and health. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is triggered by a novel coronavirus called Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (2019-nCoV) (SARS-CoV-2). The database will become a portal for ACovPs and guide and help researchers perform further studies. We believe that ACovPepDB is of great significance for facilitating the development of new peptides and improving treatment for coronavirus infection. Here, we present a database focused on ACovPs (ACovPepDB), which contains comprehensive and precise ACovPs information of 518 entries with 214 unique ACovPs manually collected from public databases and published peer-reviewed articles. Most of these databases have not included the target domains of ACovPs and description of in vitro and in vivo assays to measure the inhibitory effects of ACovPs. Additionally, the fields of these databases are not uniform, and the units or evaluation standards of the same field are inconsistent. However, state-of-the-art AMP databases contain only a small number of ACovPs. Anti-coronavirus peptides (ACovPs), a type of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), have demonstrated excellent inhibitory effects on coronaviruses. Since 2019, the novel coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) disease (COVID-19) has caused a worldwide epidemic.